Journal Article > CommentaryFull Text
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 July 17; Volume 196 (Issue 11); DOI:10.1164/rccm.201705-0988LE
Varaine FFV, Guglielmetti L, Mitnick CD
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 July 17; Volume 196 (Issue 11); DOI:10.1164/rccm.201705-0988LE
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text
PLOS One. 2011 December 1; Volume 6 (Issue 12); DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0028066
Isaakidis P, Cox HS, Varghese B, Montaldo C, Da Silva E, et al.
PLOS One. 2011 December 1; Volume 6 (Issue 12); DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0028066
India carries one quarter of the global burden of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) and has an estimated 2.5 million people living with HIV. Despite this reality, provision of treatment for MDR-TB is extremely limited, particularly for HIV-infected individuals. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) has been treating HIV-infected MDR-TB patients in Mumbai since May 2007. This is the first report of treatment outcomes among HIV-infected MDR-TB patients in India.
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text
PLOS One. 2021 February 18; Volume 16 (Issue 2); e0246639.; DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0246639
Dhakulkar S, Das M, Sutar N, Oswal V, Shah D, et al.
PLOS One. 2021 February 18; Volume 16 (Issue 2); e0246639.; DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0246639
BACKGROUND
Childhood and adolescent drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) is one of the neglected infectious diseases. Limited evidence exists around programmatic outcomes of children and adolescents receiving DR-TB treatment. The study aimed to determine the final treatment outcomes, culture conversion rates and factors associated with unsuccessful treatment outcome in children and adolescents with DR-TB.
METHODS
This is a descriptive study including children (0-9 years) and adolescents (10-19 years) with DR-TB were who were initiated on ambulatory based treatment between January 2017-June 2018 in Shatabdi hospital, Mumbai, India where National TB elimination programme(NTEP) Mumbai collaborates with chest physicians and Médecins Sans Frontières(MSF) in providing comprehensive care to DR-TB patients. The patients with available end-of-treatment outcomes were included. The data was censored on February 2020.
RESULT
A total of 268 patients were included; 16 (6%) of them were children (0-9 years). The median(min-max) age was 17(4-19) years and 192 (72%) were females. Majority (199, 74%) had pulmonary TB. Most (58%) had MDR-TB while 42% had fluoroquinolone-resistant TB. The median(IQR) duration of treatment (n = 239) was 24(10-25) months. Median(IQR) time for culture-conversion (n = 128) was 3(3-4) months. Of 268 patients, 166(62%) had successful end-of-treatment outcomes (cured-112; completed treatment-54). Children below 10 years had higher proportion of successful treatment outcomes (94% versus 60%) compared to adolescents. Patients with undernutrition [adjusted odds-ratio, aOR (95% Confidence Interval, 95%CI): 2.5 (1.3-4.8) or those with XDR-TB [aOR (95% CI): 4.3 (1.3-13.8)] had higher likelihood of having unsuccessful DR-TB treatment outcome.
CONCLUSIONS
High proportion of successful treatment outcome was reported, better than global reports. Further, the nutritional support and routine treatment follow up should be strengthened. All oral short and long regimens including systematic use of new TB drugs (Bedaquiline and Delamanid) should be rapidly scaled up in routine TB programme, especially for the paediatric and adolescent population.
Childhood and adolescent drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) is one of the neglected infectious diseases. Limited evidence exists around programmatic outcomes of children and adolescents receiving DR-TB treatment. The study aimed to determine the final treatment outcomes, culture conversion rates and factors associated with unsuccessful treatment outcome in children and adolescents with DR-TB.
METHODS
This is a descriptive study including children (0-9 years) and adolescents (10-19 years) with DR-TB were who were initiated on ambulatory based treatment between January 2017-June 2018 in Shatabdi hospital, Mumbai, India where National TB elimination programme(NTEP) Mumbai collaborates with chest physicians and Médecins Sans Frontières(MSF) in providing comprehensive care to DR-TB patients. The patients with available end-of-treatment outcomes were included. The data was censored on February 2020.
RESULT
A total of 268 patients were included; 16 (6%) of them were children (0-9 years). The median(min-max) age was 17(4-19) years and 192 (72%) were females. Majority (199, 74%) had pulmonary TB. Most (58%) had MDR-TB while 42% had fluoroquinolone-resistant TB. The median(IQR) duration of treatment (n = 239) was 24(10-25) months. Median(IQR) time for culture-conversion (n = 128) was 3(3-4) months. Of 268 patients, 166(62%) had successful end-of-treatment outcomes (cured-112; completed treatment-54). Children below 10 years had higher proportion of successful treatment outcomes (94% versus 60%) compared to adolescents. Patients with undernutrition [adjusted odds-ratio, aOR (95% Confidence Interval, 95%CI): 2.5 (1.3-4.8) or those with XDR-TB [aOR (95% CI): 4.3 (1.3-13.8)] had higher likelihood of having unsuccessful DR-TB treatment outcome.
CONCLUSIONS
High proportion of successful treatment outcome was reported, better than global reports. Further, the nutritional support and routine treatment follow up should be strengthened. All oral short and long regimens including systematic use of new TB drugs (Bedaquiline and Delamanid) should be rapidly scaled up in routine TB programme, especially for the paediatric and adolescent population.
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017 March 1; Volume 21 (Issue 3); 314-319.; DOI:10.5588/ijtld.16.0661
Huerga H, Bastard M, Kamene M, Wanjala S, Arnold A, et al.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017 March 1; Volume 21 (Issue 3); 314-319.; DOI:10.5588/ijtld.16.0661
SETTING
In March 2006, the first multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment programme was implemented in Kenya.
OBJECTIVE
To describe patients' treatment outcomes and adverse events.
DESIGN
A retrospective case note review of patients started on MDR-TB treatment at two Médecins Sans Frontières-supported sites and the national referral hospital of Kenya was undertaken. Sites operated an ambulatory model of care. Patients were treated for a minimum of 24 months with at least 4-5 drugs for the intensive phase of treatment, including an injectable agent.
RESULTS
Of 169 patients, 25.6% were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and 89.3% were culture-positive at baseline. Adverse events occurred in 67.4% of patients: 45.9% had nausea/vomiting, 43.9% electrolyte disturbance, 41.8% dyspepsia and 31.6% hypothyroidism. The median time to culture conversion was 2 months. Treatment outcomes were as follows: 76.6% success, 14.5% deaths, 8.3% lost to follow-up and 0.7% treatment failure. HIV-positive individuals (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-11.03) and women (aOR 2.73, 95%CI 1.01-7.39) had a higher risk of unfavourable outcomes, while the risk was lower in those with culture conversion at 6 months (aOR 0.11, 95%CI 0.04-0.32).
CONCLUSION
In Kenya, where an ambulatory model of care is used for MDR-TB treatment, treatment success was high, despite high rates of HIV. Almost half of the patients experienced electrolyte disturbance and one third had hypothyroidism; this supports the view that systematic regular biochemical monitoring is needed in Kenya.
In March 2006, the first multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment programme was implemented in Kenya.
OBJECTIVE
To describe patients' treatment outcomes and adverse events.
DESIGN
A retrospective case note review of patients started on MDR-TB treatment at two Médecins Sans Frontières-supported sites and the national referral hospital of Kenya was undertaken. Sites operated an ambulatory model of care. Patients were treated for a minimum of 24 months with at least 4-5 drugs for the intensive phase of treatment, including an injectable agent.
RESULTS
Of 169 patients, 25.6% were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and 89.3% were culture-positive at baseline. Adverse events occurred in 67.4% of patients: 45.9% had nausea/vomiting, 43.9% electrolyte disturbance, 41.8% dyspepsia and 31.6% hypothyroidism. The median time to culture conversion was 2 months. Treatment outcomes were as follows: 76.6% success, 14.5% deaths, 8.3% lost to follow-up and 0.7% treatment failure. HIV-positive individuals (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-11.03) and women (aOR 2.73, 95%CI 1.01-7.39) had a higher risk of unfavourable outcomes, while the risk was lower in those with culture conversion at 6 months (aOR 0.11, 95%CI 0.04-0.32).
CONCLUSION
In Kenya, where an ambulatory model of care is used for MDR-TB treatment, treatment success was high, despite high rates of HIV. Almost half of the patients experienced electrolyte disturbance and one third had hypothyroidism; this supports the view that systematic regular biochemical monitoring is needed in Kenya.
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015 February 1; Volume 19 (Issue 2); 172-178.; DOI:10.5588/ijtld.14.0421
Sinanovic E, Ramma L, Vassall A, Azevedo VD, Wilkinson LS, et al.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015 February 1; Volume 19 (Issue 2); 172-178.; DOI:10.5588/ijtld.14.0421
SETTING
The cost of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment is a major barrier to treatment scale-up in South Africa.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate and compare the cost of treatment for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) in South Africa in different models of care in different settings.
DESIGN
We estimated the costs of different models of care with varying levels of hospitalisation. These costs were used to calculate the total cost of treating all diagnosed cases of RR-TB in South Africa, and to estimate the budget impact of adopting a fully or partially decentralised model vs. a fully hospitalised model.
RESULTS
The fully hospitalised model was 42% more costly than the fully decentralised model (US$13 432 vs. US$7753 per patient). A much shorter hospital stay in the decentralised models of care (44–57 days), compared to 128 days of hospitalisation in the fully hospitalised model, was the key contributor to the reduced cost of treatment. The annual total cost of treating all diagnosed cases ranged from US$110 million in the fully decentralised model to US$190 million in the fully hospitalised model.
CONCLUSION
Following a more decentralised approach for treating RR-TB patients could potentially improve the affordability of RR-TB treatment in South Africa.
The cost of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment is a major barrier to treatment scale-up in South Africa.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate and compare the cost of treatment for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) in South Africa in different models of care in different settings.
DESIGN
We estimated the costs of different models of care with varying levels of hospitalisation. These costs were used to calculate the total cost of treating all diagnosed cases of RR-TB in South Africa, and to estimate the budget impact of adopting a fully or partially decentralised model vs. a fully hospitalised model.
RESULTS
The fully hospitalised model was 42% more costly than the fully decentralised model (US$13 432 vs. US$7753 per patient). A much shorter hospital stay in the decentralised models of care (44–57 days), compared to 128 days of hospitalisation in the fully hospitalised model, was the key contributor to the reduced cost of treatment. The annual total cost of treating all diagnosed cases ranged from US$110 million in the fully decentralised model to US$190 million in the fully hospitalised model.
CONCLUSION
Following a more decentralised approach for treating RR-TB patients could potentially improve the affordability of RR-TB treatment in South Africa.
Journal Article > LetterFull Text
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 February 1; Volume 191 (Issue 3); 355-358.; DOI:10.1164/rccm.201407-1302LE
Bastard M, Bonnet MMB, du Cros PAK, Khamraev AK, Hayrapetyan A, et al.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 February 1; Volume 191 (Issue 3); 355-358.; DOI:10.1164/rccm.201407-1302LE
Conference Material > Abstract
Arago M, Mangue M, Cumbi N, Zamudio AG, Loarec A, et al.
MSF Scientific Days International 2021: Innovation. 2021 May 20
WHAT CHALLENGE OR OPPORTUNITY DID YOU TRY TO ADDRESS? WERE EXISTING SOLUTIONS NOT AVAILABLE OR NOT GOOD ENOUGH?
Ototoxicity is an unfortunate side-effect of second-line injectable drugs for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DRTB), including aminoglycosides and peptides. Worldwide, up to 15% of patients on treatment regimens containing these drugs develop a degree of ototoxicity. Patients who experience ototoxicity are generally switched to an oral treatment regimen. Although regular audiological evaluations are recommended for patients receiving these drugs, there is limited access to these services, and few patients with noticeable hearing problems are referred for confirmation and follow-up.
WHY DOES THIS CHALLENGE OR OPPORTUNITY MATTER – WHY SHOULD MSF ADDRESS IT?
Before the introduction of this digital tool, the MSF DRTB project in Mozambique had to refer patients to the Central Hospital in Maputo. This limited the number of patients screened and referred for testing, curtailing the potential to switch treatment early for those showing mild-to-moderate hearing loss.
DESCRIBE YOUR INNOVATION AND WHAT MAKES IT INNOVATIVE
In 2018, the team piloted a way to simplify monitoring of hearing using a clinically approved mobile tablet-based tool that has been found to be comparable with traditional audiometry measurements in children and adults. MSF acquired three kits of CE-marked and FDA-certified iOS-based audiometry kits from SHOEBOX® Audiometry systems. The units were comprised of calibrated headphones and tablet-based software that have acceptable accuracy (±10dB) with 90% sensitivity and specificity. The portable units were deployed in rotation in six health centres over two years; a total of 673 audiometry tests were performed in MSF-supported public health centres in Maputo. Patients were tested at baseline during their first consultation and then monthly while on treatment regimens that included injectable drugs.
WHO WILL BENEFIT (WHOSE LIFE / WORK WILL IT IMPROVE?) AND WERE THEY INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN?
The 2018 Mozambique National TB Committee approved treatment without injectable drugs in patients who had any degree of hearing impairment before the initiation of treatment. Patients screened using the digital tool directly benefitted from switching to oral DRTB treatment if they exhibited any hearing loss, without requiring hospital referral.
WHAT OBJECTIVES DID YOU SET FOR THE PROJECT – WHAT DID YOU WANT TO ACHIEVE AND HOW DID YOU DEFINE AND MEASURE SUCCESS (IMPROVED SERVICE, LOWER COST, BETTER EFFICIENCY, BETTER USER EXPERIENCE, ETC.)?
We describe the implementation and use of a mobile audiometry system for patients with treatment-related ototoxicity in the MSF DRTB project in Mozambique, and consider its potential for easily assessing hearing deterioration in this cohort.
WHAT DATA DID YOU COLLECT TO MEASURE THE INNOVATION AGAINST THESE INDICATORS AND HOW DID YOU COLLECT IT? INCLUDE IF YOU DECIDED TO CHANGE THE INDICATORS AND WHY
Routinely collected data were evaluated.
WERE THERE ANY LIMITATIONS TO THE DATA YOU COLLECTED, HOW YOU COLLECTED IT OR HOW YOU ANALYSED IT, OR WERE THERE ANY UNFORESEEN FACTORS THAT MAY HAVE INTERFERED WITH YOUR RESULTS?
Data were analysed retrospectively from routine records and may not be exhaustive. Separate analysis of baseline and follow-up was not possible.
WHAT RESULTS DID YOU GET?
Of the 673 audiometry tests conducted using the digital tool, 480 (71%) showed normal hearing, 65 (10%) mild hearing loss, 81 (12%) moderate hearing loss, and 47 (7%) severe-to-profound hearing loss.
COMPARING THE RESULTS FROM YOUR DATA ANALYSIS TO YOUR OBJECTIVES, EXPLAIN WHY YOU CONSIDER YOUR INNOVATION A SUCCESS OR FAILURE?
This decentralised approach does not need specialised setup, which may lead to increased screening, proper follow-up, and more potential for early switching of drug regimens.
TO WHAT EXTENT DID THE INNOVATION BENEFIT PEOPLE’S LIVES / WORK?
Decreasing the need for hospital referrals improved time and transport costs for patients.
IS THERE ANYTHING THAT YOU WOULD DO DIFFERENTLY IF YOU WERE TO DO THE WORK AGAIN?:
A cost-benefit analysis to compare the mobile audiometry system to referrals would be beneficial for programmatic decisions.
WHAT ARE THE NEXT STEPS FOR THE INNOVATION ITSELF (SCALE UP, IMPLEMENTATION, FURTHER DEVELOPMENT, DISCONTINUED)?
In December 2019, the project was phased out as there was a protocol change in which injectable drugs were replaced with more potent and fully oral regimens that made monitoring for ototoxicity unnecessary for most patients.
IS THE INNOVATION TRANSFERABLE OR ADAPTABLE TO OTHER SETTINGS OR DOMAINS?
The tools adapted are clinically approved for screening activities for any programmes that deal with hearing loss.
WHAT BROADER IMPLICATIONS ARE THERE FROM THE INNOVATION FOR MSF AND / OR OTHERS (CHANGE IN PRACTICE, CHANGE IN POLICY, CHANGE IN GUIDELINES, PARADIGM SHIFT)?
The project demonstrates the potential to improve follow-up and detect complications early for patients who take ototoxic medications.
WHAT OTHER LEARNINGS FROM YOUR WORK ARE IMPORTANT TO SHARE?
User-friendly and automated audiometry systems that are mobile and do not require audiologists or sound-insulated booths could be extremely useful to various medical projects using potentially ototoxic drugs such as aminoglycosides. They may also be beneficial for environmental projects with noise and toxic pollutions. The high cost of the license could present a limitation necessitating a cost-benefit analysis before contemplating scale-up.
ETHICS
This description and evaluation of an innovation project involved human participants or their data, and has had ethics oversight from Monica Rull, Medical Director, Operational Centre Geneva, MSF.
Ototoxicity is an unfortunate side-effect of second-line injectable drugs for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DRTB), including aminoglycosides and peptides. Worldwide, up to 15% of patients on treatment regimens containing these drugs develop a degree of ototoxicity. Patients who experience ototoxicity are generally switched to an oral treatment regimen. Although regular audiological evaluations are recommended for patients receiving these drugs, there is limited access to these services, and few patients with noticeable hearing problems are referred for confirmation and follow-up.
WHY DOES THIS CHALLENGE OR OPPORTUNITY MATTER – WHY SHOULD MSF ADDRESS IT?
Before the introduction of this digital tool, the MSF DRTB project in Mozambique had to refer patients to the Central Hospital in Maputo. This limited the number of patients screened and referred for testing, curtailing the potential to switch treatment early for those showing mild-to-moderate hearing loss.
DESCRIBE YOUR INNOVATION AND WHAT MAKES IT INNOVATIVE
In 2018, the team piloted a way to simplify monitoring of hearing using a clinically approved mobile tablet-based tool that has been found to be comparable with traditional audiometry measurements in children and adults. MSF acquired three kits of CE-marked and FDA-certified iOS-based audiometry kits from SHOEBOX® Audiometry systems. The units were comprised of calibrated headphones and tablet-based software that have acceptable accuracy (±10dB) with 90% sensitivity and specificity. The portable units were deployed in rotation in six health centres over two years; a total of 673 audiometry tests were performed in MSF-supported public health centres in Maputo. Patients were tested at baseline during their first consultation and then monthly while on treatment regimens that included injectable drugs.
WHO WILL BENEFIT (WHOSE LIFE / WORK WILL IT IMPROVE?) AND WERE THEY INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN?
The 2018 Mozambique National TB Committee approved treatment without injectable drugs in patients who had any degree of hearing impairment before the initiation of treatment. Patients screened using the digital tool directly benefitted from switching to oral DRTB treatment if they exhibited any hearing loss, without requiring hospital referral.
WHAT OBJECTIVES DID YOU SET FOR THE PROJECT – WHAT DID YOU WANT TO ACHIEVE AND HOW DID YOU DEFINE AND MEASURE SUCCESS (IMPROVED SERVICE, LOWER COST, BETTER EFFICIENCY, BETTER USER EXPERIENCE, ETC.)?
We describe the implementation and use of a mobile audiometry system for patients with treatment-related ototoxicity in the MSF DRTB project in Mozambique, and consider its potential for easily assessing hearing deterioration in this cohort.
WHAT DATA DID YOU COLLECT TO MEASURE THE INNOVATION AGAINST THESE INDICATORS AND HOW DID YOU COLLECT IT? INCLUDE IF YOU DECIDED TO CHANGE THE INDICATORS AND WHY
Routinely collected data were evaluated.
WERE THERE ANY LIMITATIONS TO THE DATA YOU COLLECTED, HOW YOU COLLECTED IT OR HOW YOU ANALYSED IT, OR WERE THERE ANY UNFORESEEN FACTORS THAT MAY HAVE INTERFERED WITH YOUR RESULTS?
Data were analysed retrospectively from routine records and may not be exhaustive. Separate analysis of baseline and follow-up was not possible.
WHAT RESULTS DID YOU GET?
Of the 673 audiometry tests conducted using the digital tool, 480 (71%) showed normal hearing, 65 (10%) mild hearing loss, 81 (12%) moderate hearing loss, and 47 (7%) severe-to-profound hearing loss.
COMPARING THE RESULTS FROM YOUR DATA ANALYSIS TO YOUR OBJECTIVES, EXPLAIN WHY YOU CONSIDER YOUR INNOVATION A SUCCESS OR FAILURE?
This decentralised approach does not need specialised setup, which may lead to increased screening, proper follow-up, and more potential for early switching of drug regimens.
TO WHAT EXTENT DID THE INNOVATION BENEFIT PEOPLE’S LIVES / WORK?
Decreasing the need for hospital referrals improved time and transport costs for patients.
IS THERE ANYTHING THAT YOU WOULD DO DIFFERENTLY IF YOU WERE TO DO THE WORK AGAIN?:
A cost-benefit analysis to compare the mobile audiometry system to referrals would be beneficial for programmatic decisions.
WHAT ARE THE NEXT STEPS FOR THE INNOVATION ITSELF (SCALE UP, IMPLEMENTATION, FURTHER DEVELOPMENT, DISCONTINUED)?
In December 2019, the project was phased out as there was a protocol change in which injectable drugs were replaced with more potent and fully oral regimens that made monitoring for ototoxicity unnecessary for most patients.
IS THE INNOVATION TRANSFERABLE OR ADAPTABLE TO OTHER SETTINGS OR DOMAINS?
The tools adapted are clinically approved for screening activities for any programmes that deal with hearing loss.
WHAT BROADER IMPLICATIONS ARE THERE FROM THE INNOVATION FOR MSF AND / OR OTHERS (CHANGE IN PRACTICE, CHANGE IN POLICY, CHANGE IN GUIDELINES, PARADIGM SHIFT)?
The project demonstrates the potential to improve follow-up and detect complications early for patients who take ototoxic medications.
WHAT OTHER LEARNINGS FROM YOUR WORK ARE IMPORTANT TO SHARE?
User-friendly and automated audiometry systems that are mobile and do not require audiologists or sound-insulated booths could be extremely useful to various medical projects using potentially ototoxic drugs such as aminoglycosides. They may also be beneficial for environmental projects with noise and toxic pollutions. The high cost of the license could present a limitation necessitating a cost-benefit analysis before contemplating scale-up.
ETHICS
This description and evaluation of an innovation project involved human participants or their data, and has had ethics oversight from Monica Rull, Medical Director, Operational Centre Geneva, MSF.
Journal Article > CommentaryFull Text
J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2021 October 22; Volume 27; 236-238.; DOI:10.1016/j.jgar.2021.10.007
Nair MM, Zeegers MP, Varghese GM, Burza S
J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2021 October 22; Volume 27; 236-238.; DOI:10.1016/j.jgar.2021.10.007
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely recognised as a global health threat, which is projected to account for more deaths than cancer by 2050. The Government of India has formulated a National Action Plan to tackle AMR (NAP-AMR), largely modelled on the World Health Organization's Global Action Plan on AMR. While the NAP-AMR successfully mirrors the Global Action Plan and lays out ambitious goals, we find that the lack of financial allocation across states, poor enforcement and inadequate multisectoral co-ordination have hampered progress. A broader focus on improving infrastructure for water and sanitation, linking the issue of AMR to existing vertical health programmes for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB), prioritising infection prevention and control, strengthening the frontline healthcare workforce in rural and peri-urban settings to reduce reliance on antibiotics, leveraging point-of-care testing and mobile app-based health interventions for diagnosis and surveillance, and adopting a socioecological approach to health and development would help to create an enabling environment for concrete action on AMR in India.
Journal Article > ReviewFull Text
PLOS One. 2016 May 25; Volume 11 (Issue 5); e0155968.; DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155968
Mitnick CD, Rodriguez CA, Hatton ML, Brigden G, Cobelens F, et al.
PLOS One. 2016 May 25; Volume 11 (Issue 5); e0155968.; DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155968
INTRODUCTION
There are numerous challenges in delivering appropriate treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and the evidence base to guide those practices remains limited. We present the third updated Research Agenda for the programmatic management of drug-resistant TB (PMDT), assembled through a literature review and survey.
METHODS
Publications citing the 2008 research agenda and normative documents were reviewed for evidence gaps. Gaps were formulated into questions and grouped as in the 2008 research agenda: Laboratory Support, Treatment Strategy, Programmatically Relevant Research, Epidemiology, and Management of Contacts. A survey was distributed through snowball sampling to identify research priorities. Respondent priority rankings were scored and summarized by mean. Sensitivity analyses explored weighting and handling of missing rankings.
RESULTS
Thirty normative documents and publications were reviewed for stated research needs; these were collapsed into 56 research questions across 5 categories. Of more than 500 survey recipients, 133 ranked priorities within at least one category. Priorities within categories included new diagnostics and their effect on improving treatment outcomes, improved diagnosis of paucibacillary and extra pulmonary TB, and development of shorter, effective regimens. Interruption of nosocomial transmission and treatment for latent TB infection in contacts of known MDR−TB patients were also top priorities in their respective categories. Results were internally consistent and robust.
DISCUSSION
Priorities retained from the 2008 research agenda include shorter MDR-TB regimens and averting transmission. Limitations of recent advances were implied in the continued quest for: shorter regimens containing new drugs, rapid diagnostics that improve treatment outcomes, and improved methods of estimating burden without representative data.
CONCLUSION
There is continuity around the priorities for research in PMDT. Coordinated efforts to address questions regarding shorter treatment regimens, knowledge of disease burden without representative data, and treatment for LTBI in contacts of known DR-TB patients are essential to stem the epidemic of TB, including DR-TB.
There are numerous challenges in delivering appropriate treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and the evidence base to guide those practices remains limited. We present the third updated Research Agenda for the programmatic management of drug-resistant TB (PMDT), assembled through a literature review and survey.
METHODS
Publications citing the 2008 research agenda and normative documents were reviewed for evidence gaps. Gaps were formulated into questions and grouped as in the 2008 research agenda: Laboratory Support, Treatment Strategy, Programmatically Relevant Research, Epidemiology, and Management of Contacts. A survey was distributed through snowball sampling to identify research priorities. Respondent priority rankings were scored and summarized by mean. Sensitivity analyses explored weighting and handling of missing rankings.
RESULTS
Thirty normative documents and publications were reviewed for stated research needs; these were collapsed into 56 research questions across 5 categories. Of more than 500 survey recipients, 133 ranked priorities within at least one category. Priorities within categories included new diagnostics and their effect on improving treatment outcomes, improved diagnosis of paucibacillary and extra pulmonary TB, and development of shorter, effective regimens. Interruption of nosocomial transmission and treatment for latent TB infection in contacts of known MDR−TB patients were also top priorities in their respective categories. Results were internally consistent and robust.
DISCUSSION
Priorities retained from the 2008 research agenda include shorter MDR-TB regimens and averting transmission. Limitations of recent advances were implied in the continued quest for: shorter regimens containing new drugs, rapid diagnostics that improve treatment outcomes, and improved methods of estimating burden without representative data.
CONCLUSION
There is continuity around the priorities for research in PMDT. Coordinated efforts to address questions regarding shorter treatment regimens, knowledge of disease burden without representative data, and treatment for LTBI in contacts of known DR-TB patients are essential to stem the epidemic of TB, including DR-TB.
Journal Article > Short ReportFull Text
Clin Infect Dis. 2019 November 2; Volume 71 (Issue 2); 415-418.; DOI:10.1093/cid/ciz1084
Seung KJ, Khan PY, Franke MF, Ahmed SM, Aiylchiev S, et al.
Clin Infect Dis. 2019 November 2; Volume 71 (Issue 2); 415-418.; DOI:10.1093/cid/ciz1084
Delamanid should be effective against highly resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but uptake has been slow globally. In the endTB (expand new drug markets for TB) Observational Study, which enrolled a large, heterogeneous cohorts of patients receiving delamanid as part of a multidrug regimen, 80% of participants experienced sputum culture conversion within 6 months.