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Noma | Collections | MSF Science Portal
Noma

Noma

Noma, also known as cancrum oris, is a rapidly progressing life-threatening infection that affects the mouth and face. Noma is preventable and easy to treat if addressed in the early reversible stages, but most often deadly if untreated. The disease most commonly affects children who are chronically malnourished or whose immune systems are otherwise compromised. Noma affects an estimated 140,000 children annually. Noma was added to the WHO's list of Neglected Tropical Diseases in 2023.


MSF is working to discover more about noma. This collection highlights MSF's mixed methods research on treatment outcomes, burden of disease, attitudes towards the disease and other aspects of noma.


For more information on MSF's work on noma, you can also visit https://noma.msf.org/.

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Climate change and health

Climate change and health
The climate crisis is also a health and humanitarian crisis, disproportionately impacting people in the world’s most climate-sensitive regions—mainly low- and low-middle income countries with the least capacity to respond. MSF and other humanitarian organizations witness the consequences daily. More frequent, intense weather events and a warming planet contribute to food and water scarcity, more severe and widespread disease outbreaks, and more injuries and preventable deaths. They also drive massive population displacement, with over 32 million people fleeing their homes in 2022 alone due to floods, drought, storms and fire—nearly triple the number displaced by violence and conflict. As global leaders convene in Dubai for the UN climate conference (COP28, 30 Nov-12 Dec 2023) we present this cross-section of work by MSF and collaborators, drawing from first-hand experience at our medical projects. Emphasizing the urgency of adapting humanitarian operations to the climate crisis, the collection also explores loss and damage through a health lens, proposes policies and practices for creating climate-resilient health organizations, and advocates for embedding fair, just ethics perspectives into humanitarian action and research on climate.
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MSF Scientific Days International 2023
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Mini-Lab—MSF's simplified bacteriology laboratory for low-resource settings

Mini-Lab—MSF's simplified bacteriology laboratory for low-res...
Resistance to antibiotics is a growing public health crisis, especially in countries with fragile health systems and in regions at war. One key limitation in most of these settings is a lack of clinical bacteriology laboratory capacity, which leaves medical providers without ways to accurately diagnose patient infections and to tailor antibiotic treatment accordingly. To help fill this critical gap, MSF and partners have developed the Mini-Lab—a small-scale, standalone lab that is easy to transport, set up and operate by staff after only a short training. Its six modules are stocked with everything needed to diagnose common bloodstream and urinary tract infections and to perform antibiotic sensitivity testing using methods adapted to extremely hot climates and remote settings. With Mini-Lab now being rolled out to selected MSF projects, here we highlight the background to its development and some of the research behind the bacteriological tests it incorporates.
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Journal Article
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Research

Shotgun metagenomic analysis of the oral microbiomes of children with noma

Olaleye M, O’Ferrall AM, Goodman RN, Kabila DW, Peters M,  et al.
2026-03-20 • PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2026-03-20 • PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Noma is a rapidly progressive orofacial gangrene that predominantly affects children living in extreme poverty. Despite its documentation since antiquity and its designation as a Worl...

Journal Article
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Research

Healthcare workers’ knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and practices of noma in Northwest Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

Olaleye M, Amirtharajah M, Farley E, Sherlock M, Samuel J,  et al.
2026-03-03 • BMJ Public Health
2026-03-03 • BMJ Public Health

INTRODUCTION

Noma is a rapidly progressing oral infection with a 90% mortality rate if untreated. Early identification by healthcare workers is critical, but li...

Journal Article
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Research

Prospective outcomes of noma facial reconstructive surgery in Sokoto, Nigeria

Amirtharajah M, Olaleye M, Oluyide B, Lenglet A, Ariti C,  et al.
2024-07-26 • Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine
2024-07-26 • Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine

BACKGROUND

Noma is a gangrenous infection of the face that results in severe facial deformity, occurring primarily in malnourished and impoverished populations.

OBJ...

Journal Article
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Research

Proportion of paediatric admissions with any stage of noma at the Anka General Hospital, northwest Nigeria

Farley ES, Karinja MN, Lawal AM, Olaleye M, Muhammad S,  et al.
2023-10-27 • PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2023-10-27 • PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
INTRODUCTION
Noma is a rapidly spreading infection of the oral cavity which mainly affects young children. Without early treatment, it can have a high mortality rate. Simple gingivit...
Journal Article
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Research

Physiotherapy and associated factors affecting mouth opening changes in noma patients during initial hospitalization at an MSF-supported hospital in Northwest Nigeria—A retrospective cohort study

Oluwalomola OV, Briskin E, Olaleye M, Samuel J, Oluyide B,  et al.
2023-09-01 • PLOS Global Public Health
2023-09-01 • PLOS Global Public Health
Noma is a rapidly progressing infection of the oral cavity, which can cause the disintegration of the cheek, nose and eye, in under a week. One of the most disabling sequelae is trismus,...
Journal Article
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Review

Noma, a neglected disease: prevention is better than cure

Farley ES, Amirtharajah M, Shaye DA
2022-07-05 • Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
2022-07-05 • Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
There is a need for concerted effort to increase global awareness about noma (cancrum oris). This paper aims to summarize the recent literature on noma and provide ...
Journal Article
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Review

Noma (cancrum oris): A scoping literature review of a neglected disease (1843 to 2021)

Farley ES, Mehta UC, Srour ML, Lenglet AD
2021-12-14 • PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2021-12-14 • PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
BACKGROUND
Noma (cancrum oris) is an ancient but neglected and poorly understood preventable disease, afflicting the most disenfranchised populations in the world. It is a devastatin...
Journal Article
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Commentary

Noma, a neglected disease: a teaching article

Farley ES, Amirtharajah M, Kamu C, Oluyide B, Shoaib M,  et al.
2021-12-13 • Community Skin Health
2021-12-13 • Community Skin Health

Noma (cancrum oris) is a rapidly progressing infection of the oral cavity, associated with a reported 90% mortality rate within weeks after the onset of first symptoms, if left untrea...

Journal Article
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Commentary

Noma, a neglected disease: A viewpoint article

Farley ES, Ariti C, Amirtharajah M, Kamu C, Oluyide B,  et al.
2021-06-17 • PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2021-06-17 • PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
Journal Article
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Commentary

Model of care, Noma Children’s Hospital, northwest Nigeria

Isah S, Amirtharajah M, Farley ES, Adetunji AS, Samuel J,  et al.
2021-06-03 • Tropical Medicine and International Health
2021-06-03 • Tropical Medicine and International Health
The Nigerian Ministry of Health has been offering care for noma patients for many years at the Noma Children's Hospital (NCH) in Sokoto, northwest Nigeria, and Médecins Sans Frontières h...
Journal Article
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Case Report/Series

Outcomes at 18 mo of 37 noma (cancrum oris) cases surgically treated at the Noma Children's Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria

Farley ES, Amirtharajah M, Winters RD, Taiwo AO, Oyemakinde MJ,  et al.
2020-08-12 • Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2020-08-12 • Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
BACKGROUND
Noma is a rapidly progressing infection of the oral cavity frequently resulting in severe facial disfigurement. We present a case series of noma patients surgically treate...
Journal Article
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Research

The prevalence of noma in northwest Nigeria

Farley ES, Oyemakinde MJ, Schuurmans J, Ariti C, Saleh F,  et al.
2020-04-14 • BMJ Global Health
2020-04-14 • BMJ Global Health
BACKGROUND
Noma, a rapidly progressing infection of the oral cavity, mainly affects children. The true burden is unknown. This study reports estimated noma prevalence in children in ...
Journal Article
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Research

Language and beliefs in relation to noma: a qualitative study, northwest Nigeria

Farley ES, Lenglet AD, Abubakar A, Bil K, Fotso A,  et al.
2020-01-23 • PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2020-01-23 • PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
BACKGROUND
Noma is an orofacial gangrene that rapidly disintegrates the tissues of the face. Little is known about noma, as most patients live in underserved and inaccessible regions...
Journal Article
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Research

'I treat it but I don't know what this disease is': a qualitative study on noma (cancrum oris) and traditional healing in northwest Nigeria

Farley ES, Bala HM, Lenglet AD, Mehta UC, Abubakar N,  et al.
2020-01-01 • International Health
2020-01-01 • International Health
BACKGROUND
Noma, a neglected disease mostly affecting children, with a 90% mortality rate if untreated, is an orofacial gangrene that disintegrates the tissues of the face in <1 wk. ...
Journal Article
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Research

Risk factors for diagnosed noma in northwest Nigeria: A case-control study, 2017

Farley ES, Lenglet AD, Ariti C, Jiya NM, Adetunji AS,  et al.
2018-08-23 • PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2018-08-23 • PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
Noma (cancrum oris), a neglected tropical disease, rapidly disintegrates the hard and soft tissue of the face and leads to severe disfiguration and high mortality. The disease is poorly ...