Usability and acceptability of self-testing for hepatitis C virus exposure in a high-prevalence urban informal settlement in Karachi, Pakistan

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody self-testing (HCVST) may help expand screening access and support HCV elimination efforts. Despite potential benefits, HCVST is not currently implemented in Pakistan. This study aimed to assess the usability and acceptability of HCVST in a high HCV prevalence informal settlement in Karachi, Pakistan.

METHODS

We performed a cross-sectional study in a hepatitis C clinic from April through June 2023. Participants were invited to perform a saliva-based HCVST (OraSure Technologies, USA) while following pictorial instructions. A study member evaluated test performance using a standardized checklist and provided verbal support if a step could not be completed. Perceived usability and acceptability were assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The HCVST was considered successful if the participant was able to complete all steps and correctly interpret test results. Overall concordance and positive and negative agreement were estimated in comparison with the HCVST result read by the study member (inter-reader concordance and agreement) and result of a second rapid HCV test (Abbott Diagnostics Korea Inc, South Korea) performed by a trained user (inter-operator concordance and agreement).

RESULTS

The study included 295 participants of which 97 (32%) were illiterate. In total, 280 (95%, 95% CI 92–97%) HCVSTs were successful. Overall, 38 (13%) people performed the HCVST without verbal assistance, 67 (23%) needed verbal assistance in one step, 190 (64%) in two or more. Assistance was most often needed in managing the test buffer and test reading times. The inter-reader concordance was 96% and inter-operator concordance 93%. Inter-reader and inter-operator positive percent agreement were 84 and 70%, respectively. All participants reported they would use HCVST again and would recommend it to friends and family.

CONCLUSION

Saliva-based HCVST was very well accepted in this clinic-based setting. However, many people requested verbal support in several steps, highlighting the need for clear instructions for use and test devices that are simple to use, particularly in low literacy settings. Moderately low positive percent agreement with the results of a rapid test performed by a trained user highlights potential uncertainty in the accuracy of HCVST in the hands of lay users.